Gestalt Theory: Grouping Laws

Proximity

Elements tend to be grouped together according to their nearness.
As the example shows, four circles to the right appear to be in one group whereas two circles to the left appear to be in a separate group of their own.
This is due to the fact that a larger gap exists between the two groups than exists between each individual circle.

Similarity

Items similar in some respect tend to be grouped together.
Even though all shapes have the same space in between, four squares form a group
and four circles form another group. This phenomenon is caused by elements that are similar in line, shape or form.

Closure

Items are grouped together if they tend to complete some larger entity.
The empty space in the middle of the top row implies a square to complete or close
the outer rectangular perimeter. The human mind tends to enclose spaces by completing
contours and ignoring gaps between shapes.

Continuation

Items appear to be in a continuation of direction if they align in a linear order.
Three circles appear to be on the same rising line in this example. The human mind tends to perceive continuation in smooth succession rather than abrupt changes in direction.

Figure / Ground

Some objects take a prominent role (the fi gure – A), while others recede into the
background (the ground – B). In both examples, the circle is the fi gure and the rest of the area within the square is the ground (background), but one is more prominent than the other. This phenomenon is made possible by contrast of the circle to the ground.

Impact

Both the Gestalt theory and simple readability are based on the tendency of typical
human perception. As these principles illustrate (proximity, similarity, closure, continuation and figure/ground), there are a number of areas where visual perception and Gestalt principles support good readability. Both the Gestalt Grouping Laws and Readability approach
emphasize that one perceives objects as well-organized patterns rather than as separate
component parts. In addition, the “whole” (layout) is something that is more structured
and cohesive than separate elements (paragraph).

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